St. Anna of Novgorod (whose name was Ingegerd before baptism) was the oldest daughter of the Swedish King St. Olaf Skötkonung, who reigned from 994–1022, and was known as a most Christian king. In 1008, the king, his family, and his personal bodyguard all received Holy Baptism. Ingegerd received an exceptional education for a woman of her time—she studied the Holy Scriptures, literature, and history. She was a true daughter of Scandinavia of the era of the Vikings and so from her earliest days, she enjoyed great freedom, took part in the public life of her homeland, traveled, received guests, and was a master of using arms. Historical sources especially make mention of her keen mind, her bravery, and her great influence on those around her.
In 1017, Ingegerd’s father married her to someone who was “worthy of his friendship,” Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054). As a dowry, she brought the city of Aldeigjuborg (Old Ladoga) to Russia. She took the Orthodox name Irina. Once she became the Grand Princess of Kiev, she used all of her strength of heart and soul, all of her gracious gifts, to serve her new homeland, and was a faithful helper and advisor to her husband in his affairs. Once, when a hired Norwegian guard rebelled and asked the Grand Princess to be an intermediary between them and Yaroslav, she agreed, but warned them that she would defend her husband’s interests. When Mstislav of Tmutorakan, the Grand Prince’s brother, rose up against him with his host, Irina challenged him to settle the argument by a duel with her. Mstislav, however, answered that he wasn’t used to fighting with women and he gave in to his brother.
Irina had a lot of influence in establishing good relations with the countries of Northern Europe. She welcomed Edmund, Edwin, and Edward, the exiled sons of the English king, into Kiev, as well as Prince Magnus of Norway. He didn’t return home until the Grand Princess was convinced that the Norwegians would give him his father’s throne and respect his rights. At this point in time, the government of Rus’ played a decisive role in the life of Europe, and its influence and authority were stronger than ever. This was in large part due to the work of the Grand Princess.
Holy Sophia Cathedral, Kiev
The reign of Yaroslav the Wise and Irina was the highest period of Kievan Rus. Yaroslav laid out plans to set up Kiev, his capital, as “a city of God,” an earthly reflection of the Heavenly Jerusalem (Rev. 2:10). The Church of Holy Sophia became the center of Kiev. The entrance into this city of God’s Wisdom was through the Golden Gates, upon which a Church was built and dedicated to the Annunciation. Those who had recently been pagans now deeply venerated the All-holy Virgin, seeing her as the temple of God’s wisdom. Because of this, the feast day of The Cathedral of Holy Sophia in Kiev was the Nativity of the Theotokos.1
In 1046, when the Greek princess Anna married Vsevolod, the son of Irina and Yaroslav, she brought with her to Kiev the icon of the Theotokos known as Οδηγήτρια (Directress) as a blessing from the Most-holy Theotokos to the Russian state. The words of the Akathist to the Theotokos show the spiritual meaning of this icon for Christian Rus’: “Rejoice, unshaken wall of the Kingdom.” Later on, this icon started to be called the “Smolensk Icon of the Theotokos.”
In 1051, Venerable Anthony of the Caves came from Mt. Athos to Kiev to found the Kiev Caves Lavra. Through him, the Mother of God blessed Kiev as her third earthly garden.2
Yaroslav the Wise strived to make Rus’ an organic part of worldwide Christendom. Churches were built throughout the Russian land. Greek singers began to teach the Russians Orthodox church music. It was during Yaroslav’s reign that the first Russian legal code, the “Russkaya Pravda,” was compiled and The Rudder, the book of Byzantine canon law, was translated. Yaroslav gathered books and manuscripts and had them translated from Greek into Slavonic. In order to spread literacy among the people, he asked the clergy to educate the children and he built a school in Novgorod.
Within a very short period, the Kievan scribes had mastered the great literary riches of Byzantium. They also mastered the standard models of the Byzantine art of architecture and painting. No less important for the destiny of Rus’ was the inheritance left behind by Sts. Cyril and Methodios. “Now, the Slavic tribes shall fly,” said St. Cyril, prophetically pointing to the growth in importance of the Slavic peoples. From out of Bulgaria, which had a rich collection of Christian literature, Rus’ received an enormous collection of books. Most importantly, they received liturgical books in a language that was close and understandable to them.3
The Grand Prince often had to travel on long campaigns and trips, during which time Irina stayed behind in Kiev, running his affairs.4
Already during Irina’s lifetime, she was praised for her virtue and piety. St. Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev (†1053, commemorated on October 21), who wrote the famous “Homily on Law and Grace,” wrote about her to St. Vladimir the Baptizer of Russia (†1015, commemorated on July 15), who had already reposed. “Look upon your daughter-in-law Irina! Look on your grandchildren and great-grandchildren! Look at how they live, how God preserves them, how they keep the faith that you gave them, and how they praise the name of Christ!”
Irina gave birth to seven sons and three daughters. Her sons are especially noteworthy: the Holy Right-believing Prince Vladimir of Novgorod (†1042, commemorated on October 4), Grand Prince Izyaslav of Kiev, Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Vsevolod of Pereyaslavets (the father of Vladimir Monomakh).
Irina’s daughters, like their father, mother, and brothers, were raised in an atmosphere of literacy. An ancient chronicler relates that Yaroslav “sowed the words of books” in the hearts of the people close to him. The Grand Princess taught her children her native language and they understood well all the Scandinavian sagas, which Varangian5 soldiers sang in the courtyard of the prince. The daughters of Irina and Yaroslav became queens: Anna became queen of France, Maria became queen of Hungary, and Elizabeth became queen of Norway.
It is known that the Grand Princess founded a monastery in Kiev in honor of her patron saint, the Great-martyr Irene. According to the custom of the time, as founder, she not only had to care for the monastery, but also run it herself. In 1045, she set out for Novgorod to her son Vladimir to lay the foundation of a cathedral named after the Wisdom of God. In Novgorod, the Grand Princess took the monastic tonsure with the name Anna. This was the first monastic tonsure within the royal house. Afterwards, it became a tradition for Grand Princes and Princesses to take the monastic tonsure after they had fulfilled their duty of governing the people. There in Novgorod, the holy princess Anna reposed on February 10, 1051 and was buried in the Cathedral of St. Sophia. Shortly afterwards, the body of her son, Prince Vladimir of Novgorod was buried near her.
The veneration of St. Anna and her son, St. Vladimir, was established after a sign that appeared to the archbishop of Novgorod, St. Euphemios (†1458, commemorated on March 11) in 1439. In conjunction with this sign, he also established the churchwide commemoration of the holy hierarchs of Novgorod, who were buried in the Cathedral of Holy Sophia.
The Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga and Venerable Anna of Novgorod, standing at the beginning of Russian feminine holiness, open up for us two different paths of service: spiritual and earthly motherhood. Both of these paths are under the favorable protection of the Most-holy Theotokos.
The first woman, Eve, whose name means life, is called in the Bible, “the mother of all the living,” (Gen 3:20), but she received that name only after the fall into sin. The Holy Fathers say that this glorious name was spoken prophetically about the second Eve, the Most-holy Virgin, who gave birth to Life Himself, the Creator and Savior of the World, and who thus became “Mother of all the living.” The fullness of divine love is hidden within the secret of Her motherhood. In Her person, woman was exalted in the sight of all the world, visible and invisible.
Christianity deeply values women as mothers. Motherhood transfigures human love and unites mankind to the mystery of the birth of a life that is created for eternity, joy, and beauty. By being a mother, a woman becomes the protector of her family and the family hearth. The inner life and stability of her family depend on her gentleness, care, patience, and self-sacrificing service. Women have one of the highest and most glorious tasks—raising new citizens of the Heavenly Kingdom. The Grand Princess Irina was this sort of mother.
The spiritual succession of Sts. Olga and Anna is significant. St. Olga the Equal-to-the-Apostles made the Church of Holy Sophia in Kiev the chief church of Kievan Rus’. St. Anna of Novgorod took part in laying the foundation and building the church of Holy Sophia in Novgorod and became the protector of that church,6 because her holy relics were kept there openly for veneration. In that way, St. Olga and Venerable Anna strengthen the spiritual richness of Ancient Rus’, uniting her two chief spiritual centers: Kiev and Novgorod.
Venerable Anna of Novgorod was the first to unite the two different paths of holiness—that of the holy right-believing princesses, and that of the venerable monastics. She united active service to the world and prayerful contemplation, the monastic ascetic struggle.
Family life in ancient Russia was based on a strict piety, a daily prayer rule, the reading of the Scriptures, the Psalter, and the lives of the saints, and church attendance. More than anything else, the family is a domestic church. Monastic asceticism served as a spiritual ideal for the Russian faithful. And many Russians desired the monastic life, seeing it as the crown of their path in life.
Once the right-believing princesses of Rus’ were widowed, they never married a second time, although the Church does not forbid a second marriage. By taking the monastic tonsure instead, they betrothed themselves to the Heavenly Bridegroom, which became the path that seemed most ideal for the life of a widow. Because of that, the tonsuring of widowed princesses and noblewomen almost became the norm. The Church crowned with the monastic tonsure those who had successfully completed married life. Thus the princesses who became nuns gave the Russian people an example of a worthy fulfilling of the principle of one marriage only.
The special nature of Venerable Anna’s path can be seen in her heritage. She was the daughter of a different nation and yet she labored to help to create Holy Rus’; and she stands together with St. Olga at the beginning of the ladder of Russian feminine holiness. Venerable Anna made what was foreign into something that was her own without distinction, creating unity among the human race. In the northern countries, they called her the “Holy Queen Irina.” Among the women saints of those peoples, she shone as the first, and became a heavenly protector and intercessor for them. Ingegerd’s spiritual work was exemplified by the name she received in Russia, for Irina means peace.
In the example of St. Anna of Novgorod, we see the sources of the many different paths of spiritual labor open to Orthodox women. Her spiritual aid is especially necessary now. This venerable saint is a bright and creative example of a human person and because of that she’s able to help others choose their paths. Her whole life was one of service to the Theotokos, whose gracious gifts were granted unto the saint and gave her the joy of motherhood. That is why this saint is such a bold intercessor before the Panagia. Her other name, Anna, which was given to her when she became a nun, means “grace,” and it points to that unique power that helps us to attain holiness by God’s grace.
In 1991, a municipal museum returned St. Anna’s relics to the Church along with another of the Church’s treasures: the wonder-working icon of the Theotokos of the Sign. During times of terrible dangers for their city, the people of Novgorod have always turned to the Mother of God for her help, protection, and for ending civil strife; and after their prayers, the Mother of the Lord has always guarded her beloved city from misfortune.
Together with this, the relics of Novgorod’s heavenly intercessor, St. Anna of Novgorod, returned and are now openly venerated in the Novgorod church of the Holy Apostle Philip, where they give gracious help and spiritual joy in our troubled times. A relic of St. Anna was transferred to the Orthodox Church in Eskilstuna, Sweden in 2008. Thus, after 1,000 years, St. Anna returned to her ancient homeland. She was the first canonized Swedish saint, and is now hailed as the heavenly patron saint of Sweden.
O glorious Anna, the Orthodox peoples of Sweden and Russia praise thy name in their every generation, for, inclining thine ear to thy royal sire, thou didst leave thine own people and thy father’s house, and didst go with gladness and rejoicing unto the Russian land, where the prince, delighting in thy great beauty and wisdom, took thee to wife, and thou didst bear for him and his dominion godly offspring, with whom thou standest now in paradise before the throne of the Most High, arrayed in the Christian virtues as in vesture of inwoven gold, making earnest supplication and entreaty in behalf of all who honour thee with faith and love.
From the Doxasticon of Vespers
